Five years ago, I was sitting in a doctor’s office being told I would only be granted a third round of IVF if I used donor eggs. In that crushing moment, I believed I would never be a mum.
Today, I am sitting writing this blog as a 40-year-old mum to two young boys, who I managed to have completely naturally - and just in the nick of time, I might add!
Some days I can barely believe it, when I look back at the terrible lows of more than five years struggling with infertility and pregnancy losses. 
More shockingly, I genuinely believe I wouldn’t have those boys today had I not decided to take a closer look at what was going on with my hormone health.
Pre IVF tests had shown I had a low ovarian reserve. Because I’d managed to briefly conceive on my first round of IVF I fought for a third round using my own eggs. But when that failed I was convinced my eggs were useless and I was careering towards early menopause.
I’d recently read an amazing book called Period Power and learned about the DUTCH test, a home-based test that measures a very wide range of hormones.
It was pricey but it was lockdown and I had nothing else to spend my money on so I figured it would at least help me feel my best going forward after two years pumping myself full of artificial hormones.
But that test changed everything for me.
It flagged a few problems, with my Nutritional Therapist Beverley suspecting my overall issues had been related to periods of chronic stress, inflammation, blood sugar imbalance, sub optimal DHEA, sub optimal vitamin D and sub optimal melatonin, all of which are related to egg health! But my reproductive hormones were actually good. 
There was a new focus and something to feel proactive about.
As she deciphered my results and formulated my plan, Beverley gave me a bit of a pep talk and reminded me that I was still a very healthy young woman, not the woman I had come to believe I was after five years of struggle.
Within weeks of making the changes I was pregnant with Leo, now three.
This time it was different. I had a solid line on a test and when sickness kicked in I just knew it was going to be ok.
I told myself it must have been luck. It was finally just ‘my time’, which everyone had assured me would come.
When Leo was one we decided we would have one more year of trying as I was getting older, then we would draw a line - totally content that he was just meant to be for us.
After around eight months with no luck I asked Beverley for a reasessment and to resubscribe some of the things I’d previously needed, as a last ditch attempt.
I was stunned to conceive three cycles in a row. Unfortunately with very early losses on the first two cycles. But on the third cycle, I conceived my second son, Finlay, now one. 
I now have no doubt that it was the changes I made as a result of the DUTCH test that finally made me a mum.
I frequently shudder to think what my life would be like now if I hadn’t taken that step.
The hormone tests I was offered on the NHS didn’t even scratch the surface in highlighting the areas that I personally needed help with.
I don’t need to be specific here about what I believed helped me, because that won’t help the next woman and I know very well how infertility can make you want to try everything - helpful or not.
The reality is our individual hormone health is so complex and specific to us. Which is why I wrote to the Consultant Gynaecologist at the health board where I underwent my failed IVF to tell her my story.
I asked if, given my experience, there was scope for more advanced hormone profiling, which may just help spare more women the misery of years of infertility and potentially needless IVF.
I was assured my story would be passed on to the clinical lead. I really hope it was.
To anyone struggling with infertility just now, I know how all consuming and painful it can be. 
I know I was extremely lucky to have the outcome I did and sadly, for many women, this won’t be the case. But what I really wanted to share is that there is power and reassurance in better understating our bodies while we’re going down this difficult road.
I’ll forever be grateful to Beverley and the team for helping me understand mine.

Sally, Glasgow.

 Hair loss can be a distressing experience for both men and women, often affecting self-
esteem and overall quality of life. While genetics play a significant role, there are various
factors that contribute to hair thinning and loss from gut health, hormones like
dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and 5-alpha reductase, nutrient deficiencies, thyroid function,
stress, and even shampoos.

DHT and 5-Alpha Reductase
Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) is an androgen that is derived from testosterone through the
action of the enzyme 5-alpha reductase. Elevated levels of DHT have been implicated in hair loss, particularly in androgenetic alopecia, which affects both genders.
DHT binds to androgen receptors in the hair follicles on the scalp, causing them to shrink
over time, a process called miniaturization. The high androgen levels shorten the hair anagen (growth) phase and lengthen the telogen (resting/shedding) phase.
This disruption results in hair strands becoming finer, shorter, and weaker, eventually
leading to noticeable thinning, particularly around the crown and the parting line. The hairline above the temples may also recede.
In Men DHT can shrink hair follicles, leading to a shorter hair growth cycle and thinner hair. This is often seen in male pattern baldness.
While women typically have lower levels of testosterone, hormonal fluctuations such as
those occurring in PCOS and even menopause can lead to increased DHT levels,
contributing to thinning hair. Understanding the balance of hormones in the body is crucial for addressing hair loss.

The Gut-Hair Connection
Emerging research highlights the importance of gut health in various aspects of health,
including hair growth. The gut microbiome plays a vital role in nutrient absorption, immune function, and even hormone regulation.
A healthy gut ensures that essential vitamins and minerals are adequately absorbed.
Deficiencies in nutrients such as zinc, iron, and biotin have been implicated in hair loss.
An imbalanced gut microbiome can lead to chronic inflammation, which may also affect
hormone levels and exacerbate hair loss.

Nutrient Deficiencies

Certain nutrients are particularly important for hair growth:
​
Zinc is essential for hair tissue growth and repair. Low zinc can cause hair loss because it
weakens hair follicles, compromises the structural integrity of hair, and disrupts the cell
division needed for hair growth. Zinc is essential for protein synthesis, DNA/RNA production, and cell division in hair follicles, so a deficiency leads to brittle hair that sheds more easily and can result in conditions like telogen effluvium.

Low iron levels can cause hair loss, especially in women. Low iron can cause hair loss
because iron is essential for producing haemoglobin, which carries oxygen to nourish hair
follicles. Insufficient iron leads to less oxygen delivery, which can disrupt the hair growth
cycle by causing more hairs to enter the resting (telogen) phase prematurely, resulting in
increased shedding and thinning. This can also impact the production of keratin, the protein that forms the hair shaft.

Biotin (Vitamin B7) is often touted for hair health, but other B vitamins also play a significant role in maintaining healthy hair follicles. Low B12, can cause hair loss by disrupting processes essential for hair growth, such as cell division and the production of healthy red blood cells needed to carry oxygen and nutrients to hair follicles. This can lead to weaker, brittle hair, impaired follicle function, and hair thinning because the cells in the hair follicles don't receive the necessary resources to divide and grow properly

Low folate (B9) is also associated with hair loss. Low folate can cause hair loss primarily by disrupting the rapid cell division needed for hair growth and by potentially causing a type of anaemia that reduces oxygen supply to hair follicles. Without enough folate, hair follicles can't produce new cells efficiently, leading to weakened hair and increased shedding

Thyroid Health
The thyroid gland regulates metabolism and energy production, and its hormones are vital for hair growth. The thyroid causes hair loss by disrupting the normal hair growth cycle, a process that can be affected by both an underactive (hypothyroidism) and an overactive (hyperthyroidism) thyroid. In hypothyroidism, decreased thyroid hormones can slow cell division in hair follicles, leading to hair that is dry, brittle, and slow to grow, and may result in telogen effluvium where a large number of hairs prematurely enter the resting (telogen) phase, causing widespread shedding. In hyperthyroidism, excessive thyroid hormones can accelerate the hair cycle, leading to fine, thin, and brittle hair, and can also trigger an increase in reactive oxygen species which can damage follicles.

The Stress Factor
Stress is a well-known trigger for hair loss. It can lead to a condition called telogen effluvium, where hair follicles enter a resting phase prematurely. Chronic stress may also affect hormonal balance, further exacerbating hair loss.
Stress can indirectly increase Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) by raising testosterone levels,
which can worsen conditions like male and female pattern baldness. Stress also directly
impacts hair follicles by increasing the stress hormone cortisol, which can damage them and slow hair growth. While stress-related hair loss is typically temporary and will improve with stress management, prolonged stress can accelerate hair loss in those with a genetic predisposition. Practicing stress management techniques such as mindfulness, yoga, and regular exercise can be beneficial for both mental health and hair growth.

Toxin Exposure: The Case of Shampoos
Many commercial shampoos contain harsh chemicals and toxins that can disrupt the scalps natural ecosystem. Ingredients such as sulphates, parabens, and synthetic fragrances can lead to scalp irritation and inflammation, which may contribute to hair loss over time.
Opting for natural or organic hair care products can help minimize exposure to these
chemicals and support scalp health.
Hair loss is a multifaceted issue that can be influenced by a variety of factors, including
hormonal imbalances, gut health, nutrient deficiencies, thyroid function, stress, and
environmental toxins. Understanding these connections can empower individuals to take
proactive steps in maintaining their hair health.

If you would like to explore a comprehensive approach to hair loss, we can run relevant testing to identify any underlying risk factors that may be contributing to your individual case. Book here for a free discovery call understand more.   

Oestrogen and histamine have a complex relationship that can significantly influence various physiological processes, particularly in women.

Histamine is a biogenic amine involved in immune responses, gastric acid secretion, and neurotransmission. It is produced and released by mast cells, basophils, and certain neurons. Oestrogen can enhance the production of histamine by increasing the number of mast cells and stimulating their activity.

Oestrogen plays a crucial role in regulating many bodily functions, but it can also influence histamine levels. Histamine is a compound involved in immune responses, and when oestrogen levels fluctuate, it can lead to increased histamine production, potentially exacerbating allergy symptoms, migraines, and other histamine-related issues.


Oestrogen exerts its effects through oestrogen receptors (ERs), primarily ERα and ERβ. These receptors are present in various tissues, including the immune system. When oestrogen binds to these receptors, it can modulate the activity of mast cells, leading to increased histamine release, particularly in response to allergens or inflammatory stimuli.
Higher levels of oestrogen can lead to an increase in the release of histamine, which may exacerbate your allergy symptoms.

Oestrogen can also influence the expression of histamine receptors in the body. This means that when oestrogen levels are elevated, the body's sensitivity to histamine may increase.


Histamine has the ability to influence the metabolism of oestrogen in the liver. It can affect the enzymes involved in oestrogen metabolism, potentially leading to altered levels of circulating oestrogen in the body which can lead to hormonal imbalances!


Some studies have shown that fluctuations in oestrogen levels can exacerbate allergic reactions. Higher oestrogen levels can lead to increased sensitivity to allergens and more severe allergic symptoms due to elevated histamine levels. This is particularly relevant during the menstrual cycle when oestrogen levels fluctuate significantly.


The menstrual cycle consists of several phases, each characterised by different hormonal profiles:

Follicular Phase/ In the early part of the cycle, oestrogen levels begin to rise as follicles in the ovaries mature. As oestrogen levels increase, mast cells may become more active, potentially leading to heightened histamine release. This can cause or exacerbate allergic symptoms in some women.

Ovulation/ Around the midpoint of the cycle, oestrogen peaks, which can lead to further increased histamine levels. Some women may experience heightened allergic symptoms or migraines during this phase, correlating with the peak in oestrogen.

Luteal Phase- After ovulation, progesterone levels rise while oestrogen levels decline slightly. This phase can be characterised by a decrease in histamine levels as progesterone can have a stabilising effect on mast cells, reducing histamine release. However, for some women, the changes in hormone levels can still lead to PMS symptoms, including headaches and mood changes linked to histamine activity.


Menstruation- During menstruation, both oestrogen and progesterone levels drop sharply. This hormonal shift can lead to a decrease in histamine levels and may alleviate some allergy symptoms. However, some women report an increase in migraines or other symptoms around this time, possibly due to other factors such as prostaglandin release and inflammation.

Women may experience various symptoms throughout their menstrual cycle that can be linked to changes in oestrogen and histamine levels:

Women taking the oral contraceptive pill may notice changes in their allergy symptoms and the frequency or intensity of migraines.

HRT typically includes oestrogen, which can enhance histamine release. Consequently, women undergoing HRT may experience heightened histamine levels, potentially leading to more pronounced allergic reactions or symptoms related to histamine.


The interplay between oestrogen and histamine is a significant factor for many individuals, particularly those with conditions like hay fever, histamine intolerance, or hormonal imbalances. Understanding this relationship can help in managing symptoms and making informed decisions regarding treatments like HRT or contraceptive pills.

In clinic, we commonly see risk factors such as gastro intestinal challenges playing out in the above cases as our gut is involved in oestrogen detox. In particular, chronic constipation can be a risk factor driving higher levels of oestrogen which then upregulates the histamine. Very commonly we see patients with IBS, SIBO etc with corresponding issues with hormonal imbalance. But the good news is that with a functional medicine approach we can get to the bottom of things, rebalance hormones and ensure that oestrogen is being appropriately detoxified which is key to prevention and management  when it comes to histamine. 

If you feel your hormones might be influencing your allergies an would like to talk more about our approach you can book a free discovery call and have a chat with us here  

Hashimoto's thyroiditis, an autoimmune disorder, is a condition whereby the immune system mistakenly attacks the thyroid gland, leading to inflammation and impaired hormone production. In people with Hashimoto's, the immune system attacks the thyroid.
Located in the front of your neck, the thyroid gland is an organ that makes hormones that
control metabolism. So, thyroid hormones affect a lot of things, including your heart rate and how quickly your body uses calories from the foods you eat.
Hashimoto's can present in a variety of symptoms, which may develop gradually.
Some common symptoms include:

• Persistent tiredness or fatigue is one of the most prevalent symptoms of Hashimoto’s.
• Weight Gain, this can be unexplained weight gain or difficulty losing weight which can occur due to a slowed metabolism.
• Increased sensitivity to cold temperatures.
• Skin may become dry, and hair may become brittle and fall out.
• Digestive issues, including constipation and bloating are common.
• Mood swings, anxiety, or depression can occur due to hormonal imbalances.
• Weakness, particularly in the lower body, may be experienced.
• Aches and stiffness in joints can be a common complaint.
• Women may experience heavier or irregular menstrual cycles.

Many of these symptoms are similar to hypothyroidism, yet we see many cases where
Hashimoto's presents without hypothyroidism which includes increased TSH levels.

When it comes to the development of Hashimoto’s, there are several factors that can trigger and worsen Hashimoto's symptoms. We often see a link between family history of autoimmune diseases, this can be a risk factor in itself.
Exposure to certain chemicals, heavy metals and mycotoxins from mould have been linked as a trigger for the condition, this is due to their effects on the immune system. These are risk factors which we can test for and modulate in our clinical practice to optimise immune health. 
Viral or bacterial infections may play a role in the onset of Hashimoto's, for example the Epstein Barr virus and Shingles. 
Chronic stress can impact the immune system and exacerbate symptoms of Hashimoto's.
Due to the link between Hashimoto’s and the immune system, we often see links that can
impact the immune system, triggering or worsening symptoms..
Gluten has been shown to be a trigger for worsening symptoms of Hashimoto’s. Immune
cells form antibodies against the protein gliadin within gluten to quickly detect and neutralise it in future exposures. Due to very similar structures in gliadin (gluten) and an enzyme called transglutaminase, which is heavily concentrated in the thyroid gland, these sensitised gluten antibodies will mistakenly attack the thyroid gland at the same time it attacks gluten protein.
Studies show women with Hashimoto's Thyroiditis saw a reduction in thyroid antibody titers after following a strict gluten-free diet for six months.

So what does Gut health have to do with Hashimoto’s?

The microbiome can have a significant effect on Hashimoto's thyroiditis and overall thyroid health. The gut microbiome, which consists of trillions of microorganisms living in the digestive tract, plays a crucial role in regulating various bodily functions, including immune responses and inflammation.
A healthy gut microbiome helps to maintain a balanced immune system. Dysbiosis, or an
imbalance in gut bacteria, can lead to increased inflammation and autoimmune responses, potentially exacerbating conditions like Hashimoto's. The gut is a major component of the immune system, and an unhealthy microbiome can lead to a compromised gut barrier (often referred to as 'leaky gut' or intestinal permeability ). This allows toxins and undigested food particles to enter the bloodstream, which can trigger autoimmune responses.
Certain gut bacteria can produce short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) that have anti-inflammatory properties. If the microbiome is imbalanced, this can reduce the production of SCFAs, increasing inflammation and can contribute to thyroid dysfunction.
The microbiome plays a vital role in the absorption of nutrients essential for thyroid health, such as iodine, selenium, and zinc. A disrupted microbiome may impair nutrient absorption, leading to deficiencies that can worsen Hashimoto's symptoms.
Some studies have even shown that gut bacteria can influence the metabolism of thyroid
hormones, potentially impacting their effectiveness and levels in the body.

Diet can play a crucial role in managing Hashimoto's. While it may not cure the condition,
certain dietary choices can help alleviate symptoms and support overall thyroid function.
An anti-inflammatory diet can help reduce symptoms. Foods rich in antioxidants, such as
fruits and vegetables, can combat inflammation. Incorporate foods rich in omega-3 fatty
acids (like oily fish, flaxseeds, and walnuts), have also been shown to reduce inflammation.
Many individuals with Hashimoto's report improvement in symptoms when avoiding gluten, this is because gluten may trigger autoimmune responses.
Ensuring adequate intake of specific nutrients, such as selenium, zinc, vitamin D, and
omega-3 fatty acids, is important for thyroid health. Foods high in selenium, such as Brazil nuts, can support thyroid function.
Adequate vitamin D levels through sun exposure or supplements is vital in supporting
individuals with Hashimoto’s, this is because Vitamin D plays a role in reducing thyroid
antibodies, and we often see deficiencies are common in those with autoimmune conditions. 
Iron is also a key nutrient in the production of thyroid hormones and it is very much influenced  by  both dietary intake and gut health including SIBO. Without or without an autoimmune thyroid condition, iron will affect thyroid production. More in our blog on iron here.  
A balanced diet that stabilises blood sugar levels can help manage energy levels and reduce fatigue, a common symptom of Hashimoto's but this can also reduce stress on the body which can impact on immune function.
It is advised to be mindful of the consumption of raw cruciferous vegetables (like broccoli
and kale) and soy products, as they may interfere with thyroid function when consumed in large amounts, but it's important to include cruciferous vegetables in cooked form as they can help support hormonal balance and liver detoxification.
Try to limit processed and high-sugar foods which can potentially increase inflammation and disrupt gut health.

Lifestyle factors...

In addition to dietary changes, lifestyle also plays a role in supporting symptoms of
Hashimoto’s. Stress can significantly impact Hashimoto's thyroiditis and potentially trigger or exacerbate symptoms. Stress activates the body's 'fight or flight' response, leading to the release of stress hormones like cortisol. Chronically elevated cortisol levels can disrupt thyroid hormone production and metabolism, and may inhibit the hypothalamus and pituitary gland's ability to regulate thyroid hormone production, leading to lower levels of thyroid hormones.

Stress can alter immune function, potentially increasing inflammation and immune
responses. In autoimmune conditions like Hashimoto's, this can lead to heightened attacks on the thyroid gland.
Chronic stress may inhibit the hypothalamus and pituitary gland's ability to regulate thyroid hormone production, leading to lower levels of thyroid hormones.
Stress has the ability to negatively affect gut health, leading to issues like leaky gut
syndrome, which may worsen autoimmune responses and thyroid function.

We often see that stress can lead to unhealthy coping mechanisms, such as poor dietary
choices, lack of exercise, and disrupted sleep patterns. These factors can further exacerbate inflammation and Hashimoto's symptoms

Engage in moderate exercise, such as walking, swimming, or yoga, to help boost energy
levels, reduce stress, and promote overall well-being can help to reduce symptoms
associated with Hashimoto’s
It's important to prioritise good sleep hygiene to ensure restorative sleep, which is essential for hormone balance.

Hashimoto's thyroiditis can significantly impact daily life, but understanding its symptoms, triggers, and potential lifestyle and nutritional interventions can empower individuals to manage their health more effectively.

Diagnosis: this is done via blood testing but due to issues with poor testing and reference ranging, thyroid health can be suboptimal and can go unnoticed for years with sufferers being told they have depression, chronic fatigue, or are in perimenopause and menopause. Adding to the complexity and confusion, thyroid antibodies can be elevated for years before changes happen with TSH and T4 and so it assumed there isn't a problem when there is. It is also why in our clinic we always offer as standard practice a comprehensive thyroid screen. This is essential at all stages of life and gives us the full story. It can also be pivotal when dealing with infertility and miscarriage. 

Testing: As a clinic we can also offer relevant testing to support thyroid function including a comprehensive assessment with thyroid antibodies. We also offer a range of blood tests which assess sex hormones and cortisol as well as stool testing. To learn more you can book a free discovery call here and we would be delighted to answer any of your questions. 

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common hormonal disorder affecting women of reproductive age.  It is characterised by a combination of symptoms including irregular
menstrual cycles, weight gain, acne, and excessive hair growth. While the exact cause of
PCOS remains unclear, it is often associated with hormonal imbalances, particularly
involving testosterone, oestrogen, and progesterone as well as the role of adrenal function and blood sugar regulation. It is important to understand these hormonal interactions, along with the influence of lifestyle and dietary factors, which are crucial for effectively managing PCOS.
In women with PCOS, there is often an excess of androgens, including testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT), which is a potent form of testosterone. Elevated testosterone
levels can lead to symptoms such as irregular periods, ovulatory dysfunction, and the
development of male-pattern hair loss or hirsutism (excess hair growth).
High DHT levels can exacerbate these common PCOS symptoms such as hirsutism, acne,
and hair thinning. DHT is known to affect hair follicles and skin, leading to increased hair
growth in unwanted areas and a reduction in scalp hair.
We also know that this higher level of testosterone levels may also contribute to insulin
resistance, a common issue in PCOS, which can exacerbate weight gain and metabolic
issues.
Oestrogen is crucial for regulating the menstrual cycle and reproductive health. In PCOS,
the balance between oestrogen and testosterone may be disrupted, leading to irregular
ovulation and menstrual cycles.
Individuals with PCOS may experience higher levels of oestrogen due to factors such as obesity, which can further complicate hormonal balance and increase the risk of endometrial hyperplasia.
Progesterone plays a vital role in preparing the body for pregnancy and regulating the
menstrual cycle. In PCOS, the lack of regular ovulation often leads to lower progesterone
levels, causing oestrogen dominance which can contribute to irregular menstrual cycles and other symptoms. Maintaining a healthy balance of progesterone is essential for reproductive health and overall hormonal balance.
Insulin resistance plays a significant role in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), contributing to various symptoms and complications associated with the condition.
Insulin resistance can lead to elevated insulin levels in the bloodstream (hyperinsulinemia), which may increase the production of androgens, including testosterone. This hormonal imbalance is a hallmark of PCOS and can result in symptoms such as irregular menstrual cycles, acne, and excessive hair growth.
These elevated insulin levels can disrupt the normal functioning of the ovaries, leading to
irregular or absent ovulation (anovulation). This can cause irregular menstrual cycles and
difficulty in conceiving.
Insulin resistance is often associated with weight gain and obesity, which can further
exacerbate insulin resistance in a vicious cycle. Women with PCOS and insulin resistance are at a higher risk of developing metabolic issues such as type 2 diabetes, hypertension,
 and dyslipidemia (abnormal lipid levels), therefore managing insulin resistance is crucial for reducing these risks.
Addressing insulin resistance through dietary changes can be effective. A diet rich in whole foods, high in fibre, low in refined carbohydrates and sugars, and balanced in healthy fats and proteins can help stabilise blood sugar levels and improve insulin sensitivity.
Regular physical activity is essential for improving insulin sensitivity. Both aerobic and
resistance training exercises can help lower insulin levels, aid weight management, and
improve overall metabolic health.
The adrenal glands also play a significant role in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS),
primarily through their production of hormones, particularly androgens, which can impact the condition in several ways:
The adrenal glands produce androgens, such as dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS)
and testosterone. In many individuals with PCOS, there is an overproduction of these
hormones, which can contribute to symptoms such as hirsutism (excess hair growth), acne, and irregular menstrual cycles.
The adrenal glands are responsible for managing the body’s response to stress by
producing cortisol. Chronic stress can lead to elevated cortisol levels, which may further
stimulate the adrenal glands to produce more androgens, exacerbating PCOS symptoms.
These elevated cortisol levels can contribute to insulin resistance, which is commonly seen in PCOS. Insulin resistance can lead to increased insulin levels, which may further stimulate the ovaries and adrenal glands to produce more androgens, creating a vicious cycle that worsens PCOS symptoms.
The hormonal imbalances caused by excessive androgen production from the adrenal
glands can disrupt the normal menstrual cycle, leading to irregular or absent periods. And
increased cortisol production can also impact progesterone levels by lowering them and
causing more oestrogen dominance symptoms.
The adrenal glands and ovaries are interconnected in hormone regulation. The
overproduction of androgens from the adrenals can affect ovarian function and contribute to anovulation (failure to ovulate), a common issue in PCOS.
We do know that some individuals may have a form of PCOS primarily driven by adrenal
hormone excess rather than ovarian dysfunction. This variant is sometimes referred to as 'adrenal PCOS' and may require different management strategies.
There is a notable link between polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and thyroid issues,
particularly hypothyroidism and autoimmune thyroid diseases like Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Both PCOS and thyroid disorders involve hormonal imbalances. In PCOS, elevated levels of androgens and insulin resistance are common, while hypothyroidism is characterised by insufficient levels of thyroid hormones, which can disrupt metabolic processes. These imbalances may exacerbate each other, leading to more pronounced symptoms.

Women with both PCOS and thyroid dysfunction often experience menstrual irregularities. Hypothyroidism can cause irregular or heavy menstrual bleeding, while PCOS can also cause irregular cycles and anovulation. This overlap can complicate diagnosis and management. Both conditions can contribute to weight gain and difficulty losing weight. Insulin resistance in PCOS and the metabolic slowdown associated with hypothyroidism can make weight management challenging, leading to a cycle of worsening symptoms.
There is a higher prevalence of autoimmune thyroid conditions in individuals with PCOS.
The presence of one autoimmune condition may increase the risk of developing another,
suggesting a potential underlying immune dysfunction associated with PCOS.
We do know that symptoms of thyroid dysfunction, such as fatigue, hair loss, and changes in skin texture, can overlap with those of PCOS. This can make it difficult to distinguish
between the two conditions without proper testing.
Given the potential link between PCOS and thyroid issues, it's essential for individuals with PCOS to be screened for thyroid dysfunction. Proper diagnosis and management of thyroid conditions can significantly improve overall health and may alleviate some symptoms associated with PCOS.
We also offer a DUTCH test. The DUTCH test (Dried Urine Test for Comprehensive
Hormones) is a specialised hormone test that measures various hormone metabolites in
urine. It is particularly useful for diagnosing conditions like Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
(PCOS) and assessing women's hormonal health. It helps to identify hormonal imbalances that could be contributing to PCOS symptoms such as irregular cycles, weight gain, and acne.
It also assesses adrenal function and stress hormone levels, which can affect overall
hormonal balance and exacerbate PCOS symptoms.
We also offer a comprehensive thyroid screen including antibodies which is essential to understanding the autoimmune component. In addition elevated antibodies can be present  while other thyroid numbers are in normal range so we need to fully understand the big picture to support women optimally. 
If you are dealing with any of these issues, or would like to delve deeper into your hormonal health, please do get in touch or book a discovery call to find out how we can help support you. 

Constipation is a common issue among children that can significantly impact their overall
well-being. Characterised by infrequent bowel movements, difficulty passing stools, or hard and painful stools, constipation can lead to discomfort and even behavioural changes. There are many drivers of constipation, and the role of gut health is at the forefront of effects and causation as well as dietary factors can all play a role in the development of constipation.

There are several factors that can contribute to constipation in children.
A diet low in fibre can hinder regular bowel movements. Many children consume diets high in processed foods and low in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, leading to inadequate fibre intake. This goes hand in hand with insufficient fluid intake which can result in hard, dry stools that are difficult to pass. Children may forget to drink water, especially when engaged in play or school activities.
A lack of physical activity can slow down digestion and contribute to constipation. Regular movement is essential for stimulating the digestive system.
Some children may avoid using the bathroom due to fear of pain from previous experiences, embarrassment, or distractions. This avoidance can lead to a cycle of constipation, as well as life changes, such as starting school, traveling, or changes in diet, can disrupt a child's regular bowel habits and lead to constipation.

Gut health plays a crucial role in preventing and managing constipation. The gut
microbiome, made up of trillions of bacteria, influences digestion, nutrient absorption, and immune function. A healthy and diverse microbiome can promote regular bowel movements and overall digestive health.
When constipation occurs, it may disrupt the balance of beneficial gut bacteria, leading to
further digestive issues and impaired gut function. A healthy gut microbiome contains a diverse array of bacteria that can effectively ferment
dietary fibres. When the microbiome is imbalanced, there may be a decrease in beneficial
bacteria that break down fibre, leading to inadequate production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). SCFAs help maintain gut motility and promote regular bowel movements.
Dysbiosis can affect the neural signalling pathways that regulate gut motility. An imbalance in gut bacteria may disrupt normal peristalsis (the wave-like muscle contractions that move food through the digestive tract), leading to slower transit times and increased stool hardness.
This imbalance can contribute to increased intestinal inflammation. This inflammation can affect gut function, impairing the gut lining and leading to issues such as increased
permeability (often referred to as 'leaky gut'), which can further exacerbate constipation and can lead to an overgrowth of pathogenic bacteria that produce toxins and metabolites, which may disrupt normal digestive processes and contribute to constipation. This can also lead to food sensitivities which further drive the condition.  

The gut microbiome communicates with the central nervous system through the gut-brain axis. Dysbiosis can affect mood and stress levels, which can in turn influence
gastrointestinal function and potentially lead to constipation.
The consequences of constipation in children can extend beyond discomfort and can have several negative impacts on the body:
Chronic constipation can lead to abdominal pain, bloating, and discomfort, making it difficult for children to engage in daily activities. Persistent constipation can lead to a disrupted gut microbiome, increased risk of gastrointestinal disorders, and even conditions like faecal impaction and faecal leakage.
The discomfort and pain associated with constipation can lead to irritability, anxiety, and
mood swings. Children may become less engaged in activities they typically enjoy and this
discomfort may interfere with sleep quality and duration which can lead to fatigue and
difficulty concentrating during the day.

Prolonged constipation can result in poor absorption of nutrients. When the digestive system is not functioning optimally, children may miss out on essential vitamins and minerals needed for growth and development. This can lead to nutrient deficiencies seen on blood testing which can become chronic if the problem isn't dealt with and themselves lead on to further symptoms. Common examples of this can be iron or B12 which both influence energy and mood among other benefits. 
Children may begin to avoid social situations or outings due to fear of bowel discomfort or embarrassment about their condition, impacting their overall quality of life.
There are many ways we can support you and your child to help alleviate the symptoms of
constipation by getting to the route cause and supporting regular bowel movements with
natural and effective solutions. We also offer functional testing such as stool testing to
assess the microbiome, inflammation and digestion which can give us a good insight into
strategies to support your child's gut microbiome.

To learn more and to book a free discovery call with one of our clinical team, click here 

“One cannot think well, love well, sleep well, if one has not dined well.” —Virginia Woolf

Food is such an integral part of Christmas and it also makes up our memories, recipes handed down through generations are treasured by all and of course putting that carrot out for the reindeer along with mince pies and milk for Santa (or Santa's favourite tipple!) is part of those traditions too. 

But... what if we suddenly have a different diet and we are having to navigate food and even worse food at someone else's house when we have food allergies and sensitivities? If sensitivities are mild and they don't really cause many symptoms then a day of throwing caution to the wind is really not going to matter but if you know that eating certain foods is going to be disastrous and you're going to invite an IBS attack or severe migraine or indeed a flare of any chronic condition  then you will be eager to maintain some control over what you eat. We are all different and we have to decide what's right for us in these situations or what we are willing to tolerate. For myself and other members of my family it isn't a choice. My husband is coeliac and my response to gluten is worse than his so we don't go anywhere near it. In some ways this makes it easier as the decision is made and you just get used to living life this way and become quite skilled at knowing how and where to eat. So, I'm going to share some tips focussed around the  Christmas dinner and seasonal favourites, where to shop as well as well as tips on managing social situations. I will also make the focus on gluten and dairy free to make it easier. 

1. I love cooking so for me taking over, even when I am visiting family makes life easier as I know what we can and can't have and I make a sumptuous feast for all. Regarding Christmas dinner, most of it is GF anyway. There is no gluten in meat or veggies. The issue comes in gravies, stuffing and sausages which are easily adapted. Gravy can be made with cornflour or a GF gravy mix. Sausages can easily be switched to GF from most butchers and supermarkets  nowadays and M&S have the widest range of GF sausages, sausage meat, stuffing and ready made gravies so you really can enjoy your usual seasonal favourites hassle free. There is a recipe for GF stuffing here. 
2. Christmas puddings can be bought GF anywhere now along with mince pies. If you haven't bought yours yet there is still time to have a go with this recipe we've used for years. If you have a look in the free from section you will find options for custard and cream. There are recipes for dairy free custard online and my tip would be to reduce the sugar in any recipe you choose as they are usually super sweet. Oatly is a brand that do a variety of dairy free creams, including pouring cream and creme fraiche along with custard. My favourite brand Coconut collaborative do double cream, creme fraiche and custard. 
3. If you are catering for a buffet, you will need to check crisps and other savoury snacks. You can buy various GF savouries such as sausage rolls or make your own. GF pastry can be tricky and from experience I would go for recipes that include an egg. Easy foods that will suit a mixture of preferences  are cold meats, poached salmon, dips such as hummus, guacamole or salsa with a large tray of crudites or how about a lovely big homemade coleslaw with cabbage, onion and carrot and a simple mayo with some added olive oil and a dash of apple cider vinegar to cut through the richness of the mayo. There are also a range of dairy free cheeses including cream cheeses from Sainsbury's and Tesco as well as brand such as Violife and cathedral cheddar. You can even buy a dairy free camembert these days! 
4. If you are going to someone else's buffet and you don't know what they are offering, why not offer to contribute a couple of things you like. They don't even need to know it's GF or DF as at the end of the day food is food! Nobody will know the difference. If you are not able to contribute my biggest tip is eat before you go! That's what we always do and then we know if all we can have is a few crisps and dips with veg sticks and cold meats we won't starve. You could also easily take with you a pack of GF oatcakes (easily handbag or pocket size)  as these make a lovely accompaniment for anything. Olives make a great snack too and will help keep your blood sugar stable. Fruits and nuts also often adorn the Christmas buffet table so you can always snack on these. 
5. And finally the subject of alcohol.  Cider, wine, sherry, spirits, port and liqueurs are gluten free. You will find a range of GF beers and lagers in bars and supermarkets now. But if you are avoiding alcohol altogether and wondering how to tackle this one in social situations especially if your friendship group or family pressure you to have a drink then you need to come up with a plan which works for you. People avoid alcohol for many reasons and it would be so much easier if others accepted this. Ok, so what you can do is firstly just tell the truth and say you have given it up or are taking a break. You are not obliged to give your reasons unless you want to. If you prefer to not tell the truth you could try saying you've had a funny tummy or have a headache or your hot flushes won't handle it well!  If you are the host you can ensure that alcohol free punch, warmed alcohol free mulled wine with lots of spices and fruits to make attractive, or try some mocktails in pretty festive glasses.  If you have family members who really aren't nice to be with when they've had a few drinks, why not mix up the proceedings with some cups of tea or coffee. Offer up your non alcoholic  drinks just calling them 'punch' etc and if you find they like something keep dishing it out to avoid the other stuff. 
6. Not all farms add gluten to their sausages and burgers etc so have a look at Organic farm Gazegill for ideas. 
7. Last but not least, ask for help. If you're not sure about something ask. Ask us. Ask the shop assistants when you're out and about. Never assume something isn't available just because you have never had it before and haven't seen it. Always ask the staff and if they can't find it they should be happy to do a search for you and find something suitable.  Also tap into local health stores who will always have a range of allergen free foods and can easily check their suppliers for something you are looking for. 

Well that's just a few easy tips to help get you through the festivities without too much stress. When it comes to food, the most important thing for all of us is to enter into a meal stress free and with a sprit of thankfulness. Food is a blessing and is meant to be enjoyed. 

Have a wonderful Christmas wherever you are reading this and all the best for the new year!

​Bon appetit!! xx

 Did you know that anaemia is the most common nutritional deficiency around the world
particularly with menstruating females?
So what are the reasons for low iron and how we can help to improve iron levels within the body? 
Let's first look at why iron is important for our health and wellbeing.

Iron plays a crucial role in women's health due to its involvement in various bodily functions.
Iron is an essential component of haemoglobin, the protein in red blood cells that carries
oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues. Adequate iron levels are necessary to maintain healthy haemoglobin levels
Women of childbearing age often require more iron due to menstrual blood loss. On
average, women lose about 30-40 millilitres of blood per menstrual cycle, which contains
iron. Replenishing iron stores is important to compensate for this loss and prevent iron
deficiency.
Iron needs actually increase during pregnancy to support the growth and development of the foetus, as well as to accommodate the expansion of the maternal blood volume. Iron deficiency during pregnancy can lead to maternal and foetal complications, including
anaemia, preterm birth, low birth weight, and developmental issues.

Iron is involved in the production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the main molecule
responsible for storing and releasing energy within cells. Sufficient iron levels are necessary to maintain optimal energy metabolism and to prevent fatigue and weakness.
Iron is essential for a properly functioning immune system. It helps support immune cell
function and the production of antibodies, which play a vital role in defending the body
against infections and diseases.

Adequate iron levels are important for optimal cognitive function, memory, and
concentration. Iron deficiency has been associated with impaired cognitive performance,
especially in children and women.

Did you know that Iron and the thyroid are interconnected in several ways.
Iron is necessary for the synthesis of thyroid hormones, specifically thyroxine (T4) and
triiodothyronine (T3). These hormones regulate the body's metabolism, growth,
development, and energy production. Iron deficiency can impair the production and release of thyroid hormones, leading to hypothyroidism. Its also necessary for the proper transport and utilisation of thyroid hormones in the body. Iron is required for the production of proteins that bind to thyroid hormones and carry them to target tissues. Inadequate iron levels can affect the availability and effectiveness of thyroid hormones in various tissues.

Iron is also involved in the activity of an enzyme called thyroid peroxidase (TPO), which is
crucial for the production of thyroid hormones. TPO helps convert iodide to iodine, which is necessary for the synthesis of T3 and T4. Iron deficiency can affect TPO function, impairing the production of thyroid hormones.
Iron deficiency has also been associated with an increased risk of autoimmune thyroid
diseases, such as Hashimoto's thyroiditis and Graves' disease. Autoimmune thyroid diseases occur when the immune system mistakenly attacks the thyroid gland. As Iron plays a role in regulating immune function, its deficiency may contribute to the development or progression of these conditions.

There are many factors that can affect the absorption of iron and the gut plays a big role. The absorption of iron primarily occurs in the small intestine, specifically the duodenum and proximal jejunum, but we need adequate stomach acid for the absorption of certain forms of dietary iron, known as non-heme iron. Stomach acid helps convert non-heme iron into a more absorbable form. Individuals with low stomach acid production, such as those with certain digestive disorders or those taking acid-suppressing medications, may have reduced iron absorption.
Iron absorption involves the action of specific transporters in the small intestine. These
transporters help move iron from the gut lumen into the bloodstream. Disruptions in the
expression or function of these transporters can affect iron absorption. Gut health conditions that lead to intestinal inflammation or damage, such as celiac disease or inflammatory bowel disease, may impair iron absorption.

The gut microbiota, the community of bacteria residing in the intestines, can influence iron absorption. Some gut bacteria produce substances that can chelate or bind to iron, making it less available for absorption. On the other hand, certain bacteria can enhance iron absorption by producing compounds that increase iron solubility or reduce gut inflammation.
Imbalances in the gut microbiota, such as dysbiosis, can impact iron absorption.
Certain gut conditions, such as celiac disease, Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis, can
cause malabsorption of nutrients, including iron. Inflammation, damage to the intestinal
lining, or surgical removal of parts of the intestine can all affect iron absorption. These
conditions may require specific management strategies, including iron supplementation, to address iron deficiency.
Another condition we see commonly in clinical practice is SIBO (small intestine bacterial overgrowth) and this can also lead to deficiency in iron and B12. This is something we test for regularly and symptoms can include bloating, gas, pain, nausea, diarrhoea and or constipation. 

So what else can affect iron levels within the body?

Certain compounds found in plants, such as phytates (in whole grains, legumes, and some
vegetables) and oxalates (in spinach, rhubarb, and beet greens), can bind to iron and inhibit its absorption. However, cooking or processing these foods can help reduce their impact on iron absorption.
Tannins are naturally occurring compounds found in tea, coffee, and some fruits, such as
grapes and pomegranates. They can interfere with iron absorption when consumed
alongside iron-rich foods or iron supplements.

Tea consumption can indeed impact iron absorption in the body. Tea contains compounds
called tannins, which are known to inhibit iron absorption. Tannins bind to iron, forming
complexes that are less easily absorbed by the body.
Both black and green teas contain tannins, but black tea tends to have higher levels. Herbal teas, such as chamomile or peppermint, usually have lower tannin content and may have a milder effect on iron absorption.
While the effect of tea on iron absorption can vary depending on various factors, studies
have shown that consuming tea with meals can reduce iron absorption by around 50-90%. We always recommend drinking tea beverages between meals rather than with meals which can help minimise their effect on iron levels. Additionally, adding vitamin C-rich foods (such as citrus fruits, strawberries, broccoli or bell peppers) to your meals can enhance iron absorption, as vitamin C helps to counteract the inhibitory effects of tannins.

Calcium has been shown to inhibit the absorption of both heme and non-heme iron.
Consuming calcium-rich foods or taking calcium supplements at the same time as iron-rich foods may reduce iron absorption. Similarly, high consumption of dairy products has been associated with lower iron absorption. It's best to separate calcium-rich foods or supplements from iron sources by a few hours.
There are certain medications, such as antacids, proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), and some antibiotics, which can interfere with iron absorption. Additionally, some dietary supplements, like calcium or zinc supplements, may also affect iron absorption. If you're taking any medications or supplements, it's always a good idea to consult with a healthcare professional for personalised advice and guidance. Nutritional Therapists are trained to assess these interactions and make adjustments as appropriate. 
​
Remember, while these factors can affect iron absorption, a well-balanced diet that includes a variety of iron-rich foods, along with vitamin C-rich foods, can enhance iron absorption.
If you have been struggling with low iron and not sure what to do, please get in touch as we can help look at underlying issues, interactions that could be impacting on your health and help give you the tools you need to address any nutritional deficiencies and improve your health and wellbeing.
It's amazing how many people struggle on with round after round of iron tablets over the years without ever finding out the root cause of their chronic deficiency. It's always better to find out the why which for some people may be as a result of multiple causes. 
As a clinic we offer a range of functional testing to find out more and get to root cause, including stool testing, SIBO testing, comprehensive hormone screens, full thyroid function including antibodies and more. 

To book a discovery call to discuss your case and find out more about how we can help you click the link here 

app.acuityscheduling.com/schedule.php?owner=22930888&appointmentType=33479064Imagine if your home went on fire, the fire brigade would come and dutifully put the fire out but much more than that they would investigate the cause or causes of the fire so that you could be armed with that knowledge in order to prevent it happening again. Then imagine if you didn't take heed of that advice and you did the exact same thing again and caused another fire over and over again? The fire brigade would wonder what on earth was going on.

Sadly the above is a great analogy for modern medicine which only seeks to put fires out (and sometimes that's needed) but rarely makes any attempt to identify the cause. In fact it doesn't even always put the fires out completely as the embers are often left smouldering undetected as we innocently go about our lives consumed in the very fine and often invisible smoke of chronic inflammatory conditions. Instead of practicing downstream medicine we need to be swimming upstream to find what we call triggers and drivers. 

Imagine also working in industry and continuing to do the things which cause a given problem, you wouldn't last long as you would potentially  cost your company millions in making corrections. I could go on with the analogies but you get the picture. We need to be aware of root cause in all things so that we can prevent unnecessary accidents and struggles in life and get back control. Prevention is key in health but that doesn't mean that once the horse has bolted it's too late because each and every day we influence our health by the choices we make. 

In functional medicine we have a phrase which I share often with clients and it's this. 'The genes load the gun but the environment pulls the trigger.' This is the best news ever and so empowering as we influence that gene expression moment by moment.  Interestingly our individual genes also become relevant here as our genes influence many aspects of our physiology, our ability to detoxify, our ability to metabolise sugar and fats and so much more. Our requirements  for specific nutrients are also very individual not just based on deficiencies but also based on individual need genetically. Some people have a higher need for B12 or folate due to specific genetics SNP's (single nucleotide polymorphisms) or vitamin D and so on, so testing our genetics can be the ultimate way to individualise health care. 

We also talk in functional medicine about triggers  and drivers. Triggers are those things which trigger a health challenge. For example you eat a trigger food and you develop an immediate symptom such as a migraine or an IBS attack. Triggers might also be a virus or a reaction to a medication, in fact as the word suggests it's anything that triggers a change in health.  Meanwhile drivers are those thing which we do all the time which drive certain health challenges. This might be something we do or don't do, something we are lacking or it may be an environmental exposure. Example of a driver might be dehydration as everyday we forget to drink enough water so our dehydration is promoting multiple symptoms from headaches to constipation and hormonal imbalance. Another example could be that we live or work in a toxic environment. Perhaps there has been a water leak at home and we are exposed to mould spores which have led to some health challenges. In fact mycotoxins from mould is something we are testing for more and more in clinic as these can be both initial triggers and drivers for meany health challenges from chronic sinus and respiratory health issues to chronic UTI, autoimmunity and severe mental health. 

Another driver could be that we are chronically deficient in key nutrients. This could be due to a lack in the diet or also due to our absorption. It could also be that we are taking a medication that depletes key nutrients and because we don't know this we don't take the necessary steps to remediate. It could also be that we do try to take a missing nutrient but we simply  don't take enough or the right kind. So imagine if you are suffering from chronic or recurrent migraines and all the time you are deficient in magnesium, vitamin B2 or omega 3 but you don't know this, you're just going to live with it and take various pharmaceuticals which might at best reduce pain but are ultimately shooting at the wrong target. 

So the question is what are we doing unwittingly that is promoting illness? What triggers and drivers have for each of us become part of our story? How did they come about? What led to the changes? I'm going to give some examples below of the more common triggers and drivers we see in clinical practice. To really do this topic justice would involve writing not just one book but hundreds of books as the topic is so vast but I hope these few examples provide some light bulb moments which will give you hope and empower you on your journey.

Migraine: above I gave the example of migraine and mentioned key nutrients which can be a risk factor when deficient. In addition, it could be your driver is a food sensitivity which you continue to consume. It cool be due to hormonal imbalance, for example oestrogen dominance. It could be related to suboptimal sleep. But then we need to ask more questions don't we? Why do you have these deficiencies?  What is causing the hormonal imbalances? What's happening with sleep? What has led to your food sensitivities and what are they? More on migraine here 

Eczema: you might be aware of genetic tendency and environmental triggers such as perfumes, washing powders,  cleaning fluids and self care products. But what about the role of your immune system? What about gut health? What about food allergens and also food sensitivities? How can we modulate the immune system in all of this? To reduce inflammation we need to remove inflammatory triggers of all kinds but we also need to support the immune system via supporting gut health, ensuring key nutrients such as essential fatty acids and vitamin D. More on eczema here

IBS: Irritable bowel syndrome is increasingly common and often a trigger and a driver for many other inflammatory conditions, including hormonal imbalance, autoimmunity and mental health problems. So if you do have IBS, don't make the mistake of thinking 'oh it's only IBS' as if something  is going on in the gut what is happening elsewhere which could be causing multiple health challenges and symptoms? Hippocrates said 'all diseases begin in the gut' and only in recent years is science catching up with his extraordinary wisdom. There is a well know saying that what goes on in Las Vegas stays in Vegas but not so in the gut! If you have issues with gut health this has implications for all aspects of health, how you absorb nutrients, how you react to foods, your immune health, your ability to make neurotransmitters, your energy, your ability to detoxify oestrogen, in fact your risk for many symptoms and chronic inflammatory conditions goes up. Also what has led to your IBS and what can you do to mitigate this? More on IBS here 

Fibromyalgia: my journey into functional medicine and a root cause approach came thorough my daughter's experience of glandular fever followed by CFS and fibro which commonly come together. While modern 'treatment' focusses on pain management I was keen to find a root cause approach which would enable my daughter to get her life back. The areas we look at in functional medicine including dietary and nutritional factors, sleep patterns, life event triggers, lifestyle, lack of movement, chronic stress and HPA axis dysfunction, gastrointestinal triggers such as SIBO, immune imbalance and toxic  exposures. Everyone is different and we need to work out your own story which may involve further testing to identify which of the above factors we need to work on. 

Period pain: Dysmenorrhoea can be utterly miserable and is not normal or something we have to put up with. Nor is it down to bad luck. It is as a result of a number of overlapping 
imbalances and deficiencies which set the scene for this to happen. You would be right in thinking hormonal imbalance plays a role but what causes the hormonal imbalance? This is where it gets interesting and where we should be looking with our functional medicine lens so that we can bring them back into balance. One big player here is gut health and our estrobolome which is the collection of bacteria involved in oestrogen metabolism is pretty important. What if we are chronically constipated and don't detoxify oestrogen properly? This is  very common underlying driver of hormonal imbalance. Production of excess prostaglandins is also a driver  in period pain. What if our diet is low in prostaglandin regulators such as omega 3 and vitamin E? Another key mineral for prevention and management  is magnesium which is a smooth muscle relaxant. At the extreme end there is endometriosis and some of the suggestions in this blog will be relevant to all types of dysmenorrhea. 

Anxiety: This is something we address very commonly in clinical practice and often goes hand in hand with many of the above. While it's assumed that anxiety is primarily the result of emotional factors, there are many other underlying drivers from blood sugar imbalance to low progesterone, deficiencies in magnesium, B vitamins, omega 3, thyroid problems (diagnosed and undiagnosed)  and gut dysbiosis but we need to find out what is driving it. More on this blog. 

By now it should be coming very clear that there is always a reason for everything, the trick is in finding it and knowing what to look for. We also offer a range of functional testing to fully explore root cause and find the individual triggers and drivers which are behind chronic health challenges.  If you would like to get to the root of something  and get your health back functional medicine is the way forward for you. More here

You can also book a discovery call here to find out more and to discuss your case